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Maze and problem-solving experiments have shown that they do have both short and long-term memory. The exact extent of their intelligence and learning capability is much debated among biologists. Octopods are highly intelligent, probably more so than any other invertebrate. If they feel scared, they may turn white.īehaviour Intelligence Īn octopus opening a container with a screw cap When they become angry, they can become red. When they are relaxed, for example, they are a dull, grayish brown or orange-tinged colour. If they are not blending in with their surroundings, they can signal their feelings using colour. Some octopuses can use their chromatophores for more than camouflage. When a camera focuses on an object to take a picture, the lens moves back and forth until the image that the camera sees is in the right focus.
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However, an octopus does not have this problem. So, when we look somewhere, part of what is there is not actually perceived (the brain 'fills in' so we do not notice). A blind spot is a special place in the eyes that is not able to sense light. They have no protective outer shell like the nautilus, which is another type of cephalopod.Ī beak, similar in shape to a parrot's beak, is their only hard part.īecause of this, it is very easy for an octopus to squeeze through very narrow openings between rocks, for example squeezing through a hole as big as its eye. Unlike most other cephalopods, most octopods have only soft body with no internal skeleton. The term 'octopod' is correct for members of the order Octopoda in general. The term 'octopus' may be used to refer to those in the genus Octopus. Octopods make up over one-third of the total number of living cephalopods. There are about 300 octopod species, of which more than 100 are in the genus Octopus. All octopods are venomous, but only the small blue-ringed octopus is known to be deadly to humans. They live rather short lives.Īn octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use colour-changing camouflage. Octopods inhabit many regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. They are intelligent predators with a taste for crabs. Many stay in cracks between rocks or corals when they are not hunting. Octopods have no internal or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight places. They have a hard beak, with the mouth at the center point of the arms. They have two, large eyes and eight limbs with suckers. The genus is quite typical of most octopods. Consideration of the unusual neurobiology of the octopus in the light of its unique morphology suggests that similar embodied principles are instrumental for understanding the emergence of intelligent behavior in all biological systems.Octopus is a genus of cephalopod mollusc in the order Octopoda. The term ‘intelligent embodiment’ comes from robotics and refers to an approach to designing autonomous robots in which the behavior emerges from the dynamic physical and sensory interactions of the agent's materials, morphology and environment. Here I will review experimental results suggesting that these difficulties, arising from the animal's morphology, have imposed the evolution of unique brain/body/behavior relationships best explained as intelligent behavior which emerges from the octopus's embodied organization. First, coordinating motion is a formidable task because of the infinite degrees of freedom that have to be controlled and second, it is hard to use body coordinates in this flexible animal to represent sensory information in a central control system. The most obvious characteristic feature of an octopus is its eight long and flexible arms, but these pose a great challenge for achieving the level of motor and sensory information processing necessary for their behaviors.
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They compete successfully with vertebrates in their ecological niche using a rich behavioral repertoire more typical of an intelligent predator which includes extremely effective defensive behavior - fast escape swimming and an astonishing ability to adapt their shape and color to their environment. Octopuses have a unique flexible body and unusual morphology, but nevertheless they are undoubtedly a great evolutionary success.